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When Apple launched its iTunes music store a decade ago amid the ashes of Napster, the music industry — reeling from the effects of online piracy — was anxious to see how the new music service would shake out.
"The sky was falling, and iTunes provided a place where we were going to monetize music and in theory stem the tide of piracy. So, it was certainly a solution for the time," said Michael McDonald, who co-founded ATO Records with Dave Matthews and whose Mick Management roster includes John Mayer and Ray LaMontagne.
But as Apple marks the 10th anniversary of the iTunes Music Store Sunday, it sees a radically different music landscape.
There are more options now, such as free online radio services Pandora and iHeartRadio, music-listening on YouTube and on-demand services that include Spotify and Rhapsody, which let users listen to millions of complete songs for a monthly fee.
But in its day, the iTunes music store changed how we consume music and access entertainment. And today, it's not only music's biggest retailer, it also dominates the digital video market, capturing 67 percent of the TV show sale market and 65 percent of the movie sale market, according to information company NPD group. Its apps are the most profitable, it has expanded to books and magazines, and it is available in 119 countries. Last week, iTunes posted a record $2.4 billion in revenue in first-quarter earnings.
"They revolutionized the retail landscape by making a truly interactive and very user-friendly space and platform, and they managed to do it by keeping a great music experience attached to what was very difficult technology," said Scott Borchetta, head of Big Machine Records, home to Taylor Swift, Tim McGraw and Rascal Flatts. "They made it very easy to buy music digitally, and that's why I think they've run so quickly in the lead for that space and continue to dominate the space."
The iTunes Store began with 200,000 songs and now has 26 million. Within 10 years, it would be the top retailer of music, outselling Walmart, Target and Best Buy. Record store chains Tower and Sam Goody are out of business.
But iTunes also faces renewed scrutiny on how it will continue to dominate in the next decade — or whether it can. With competition beyond Spotify, from subscription services such as Amazon.com, Netflix and Hulu, iTunes probably will need to reinvent itself to remain at the top of the digital entertainment perch.
"There is a major shift to how consumers consume music, and it's driven by the smartphone," said Gene Munster, an analyst at Piper Jaffray. The always-at-our-side smartphone — whether it be the iPhone, an Android model, or a recent BlackBerry or Windows phone — has storage for our contacts, a Web browser and the ability to listen to multitudes of songs over the air.
The iTunes store dominated by downloads "is on its last gasp," said Bob Lefsetz, a former music industry lawyer and blogger at the Lefsetz Letter. "YouTube is where most young people listen to music now." (More than 1 billion people visit the site each month.) "When iTunes turns 15 years old, we won't be talking about downloads, because Apple won't be selling them."
Apple Inc.'s Eddy Cue, senior vice president of Internet software and services, declined to comment on reports that the company will launch a radio service or some other service to compete with Spotify.
"We've been able to add and expand and do a lot of things to make the product even that much better," said Cue, who was integral to the creation of iTunes. "Why it's going to be great for the next 10 years is because people still want access and want more of what's available today."
Grumbling persists • At first available only to Mac users, iTunes debuted two years after Apple's groundbreaking iPod. With a catalog of 200,000 songs — compared with tens and tens of millions of songs available today — iTunes entered an industry being upended by illegal downloading yet still skeptical of the new music store.
There were more than grumbles when Apple co-founder Steve Jobs set parameters making all songs available at a cap of 99 cents (today, songs can cost up to $1.29) and giving listeners more control of what they could do with music collection in terms of portability and ownership.
"In the case of the labels, we felt and we were able to convince them that we had a business proposition that would be better for them in the long term, and gave them an opportunity to compete with piracy," Cue recalled.
"So our message to them was the only way to beat piracy wasn't lawsuits or TV ads or anything, but to actually offer what was available through piracy, and people would actually pay for it if that's what you provided. So, we had to get them to all agree. As part of that, you had to get them to agree to all of the same rights."
Some in the industry grumbled about having to accept Jobs' rules; some still do (even as digital sales rise, album sales have decreased and the industry's profits have continued to drop over the decade).
"To me, it's been one of the biggest assets to the music business in the last 10 years, but you'll hear from the labels that Steve Jobs ruined the music business," McDonald said.
"But to me, it's allowed a place to expose artists who are gaining popularity in all genres, and although it has impacted the album sales, I think it has become a real barometer of what's good and what's popular," he said. "Singles artists aren't selling albums. Well, they never should have. But album artists continue to sell albums. If anything, it's given a revenue stream to what would have been the Wild West."
Lady Antebellum's entire career has been in the iTunes era, and it's a key part of the band's sales. "We found out that ... just around 20 percent of our sales is iTunes," said Charles Kelley. "iTunes is just something we've always embraced."
A new age • Apple's iTunes "changed the music industry completely" and "gave people the power as opposed to record companies the power, in a way," said singer-actress Jennifer Lopez.
"It has its pros and cons, I think, for artists," she said. "I'm an artist, so I look at it from an artist point of view. But we're in a new age. It's like anything else. You've got to accept it."
That new age includes the growing popularity of services such as Spotify and Rdio, where listeners can stream music for free and can pay a set price to listen and collect songs. Industry watchers have heard speculation that an iRadio could be launched that would be something like Pandora, the popular Internet radio site.
"We don't know all the specifics of what it might be and when it might come, but what we've heard so far, it will compete with those other online services," Borchetta said.
In a sign of the times, Apple appears to be testing the waters for online streaming. In iTunes now, a preview of country singer Kenny Chesney's new "Life on a Rock" album can be listened to in its entirety online — several days before the album is available as a download sale.
Cue refused to comment on the speculation. He said users still favor the iTunes model, compared with subscription services.
"(A premium subscription) costs $10 a month, that's $120 a year, and most average music customers don't spend that kind of money," he said. "If you buy it on ownership, you own it, and a subscription model, your subscription never ends if you want to keep listening to it, so you're paying that $10 or more for life.
"If you're starting your music collection from existing songs, which a lot of us already have from that standpoint, you're looking to acquire new songs, even today, at 99 cents or $1.29, or $9.99 or $7.99 for an album, it is very economical and a better value for subscription music."
McDonald believes subscription services may become the standard.
"My generation and probably the generation after me still have this idea of ownership and pride in what we own in a record collection, and I think we always thought it spoke to who we are. I think the younger generations, and certainly the ones coming up, the idea of ownership in the way that we thought about it is irrelevant, and I think they're just consuming content, and that's not better or worse," he said. "So in that way, the subscription models are going to make more sense."
But he doesn't count Apple out in that future. "It may be that Apple and iTunes are going to create the best user space to own that space, as well." —
A sign of the times
Apple appears to be testing the waters for online streaming. In iTunes now, a preview of country singer Kenny Chesney's new "Life on a Rock" album can be listened to in its entirety online — several days before the album is available as a download sale.