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Two widely recognized trends in American society might have something to do with each other.
Divorce rates climbed to the highest levels ever in the 1980s, when about half of all marriages ended in divorce.
And, in the present day, Americans are rapidly becoming less religious. Since 1972, the share of Americans who say they don't adhere to any particular religion has jumped from 5 percent of the population to 25 percent.
Could those two trends be related? A new study from the Public Religion Research Institute says yes. The children of divorce have grown up to be adults of no religion.
People whose parents divorced when they were children are significantly more likely to grow up not to be religious as adults, the study found. Thirty-five percent of the children of divorce told pollsters they are now nonreligious, compared with 23 percent of people whose parents were married when they were children.
Other studies on the rise of the "nones" — those who say they have no religion — have focused on millennials' changing preferences. This study found that 29 percent of adults who were raised religious and left their faith say they departed because of their religion's negative teachings about gay and lesbian people. Nineteen percent say they left because of clergy sexual abuse scandals. Sixty percent say they simply don't believe what the religion teaches.
"A lot of the narrative around the rise of the nones, or the rise of the nonaffiliated, has focused on how there's changing cultural preferences, that people are choosing to move away from religion," said Daniel Cox, one of the researchers of the new study. "I think there's also a structural part of the story that hasn't gotten as much attention. We wanted to focus on the way millennials were raised, which is different from any previous generation. And part of that is they're more likely to have grown up with parents who are divorced."
Cox said his team found that even children of divorce who are religious are less religious than their peers. Thirty-one percent of them go to services every week, compared with 43 percent of religious people whose parents were married when they were growing up.
Andrew Root, a professor at Luther Seminary who has written a book about the spiritual consequences of divorce for children, was not surprised to hear about the study's findings.
"Everything in a divorce gets divided. Literally everything. Parents' friends get divided. Relatives get divided. Everyone takes sides," Root said. "Even religion takes sides. The church gets divided. Dad leaves Mom's faith, or vice versa. Negotiating those worlds becomes difficult."
Root said churches aren't doing enough to speak directly to the concerns of children in those situations, so the kids lose faith in the ability of the church to help them. He said that when the divorce rate climbed in the 1980s, many clergy, especially mainline Protestant pastors, stopped speaking out against divorce so as not to alienate struggling congregants. But by going silent on the subject, they didn't offer any comfort to the kids.
As adults, Root said, those same people don't believe the church will respond to their adult problems. "They're now thinking, 'I'm dealing with depression.' Or, 'I'm dealing with my own marital troubles.' The church must not have anything to say to me, because when I was eight and dealing with divorce, my Sunday school teacher didn't even say, 'Man, Amanda, that must be really complicated for you.' "
The new study, which asked many questions about nonreligious Americans' beliefs about faith, touched on other consequences of parents' marriages as well. It showed, as other research has demonstrated, that children raised by parents who have two different religions, grow up more likely to have no religion at all.